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Symptoms of Colon Cancer
Recognizing the symptoms of colon cancer early can lead to timely diagnosis and treatment. Common symptoms include:
- Changes in Bowel Habits: Persistent diarrhea, constipation, or a change in stool consistency.
- Rectal Bleeding: Blood in the stool or rectal bleeding.
- Abdominal Discomfort: Cramping, gas, or pain.
- Incomplete Evacuation: Feeling that the bowel doesn’t empty completely.
- Weakness and Fatigue: Persistent tiredness and weakness.
- Unexplained Weight Loss: Sudden and unexplained weight loss.
Early Detection of Colon Cancer
Early detection significantly improves the chances of successful treatment. Several screening methods can detect colon cancer at an early stage or even before it develops.
Screening Guidelines
The American Cancer Society recommends that people at average risk of colorectal cancer start regular screening at age 45. Those with higher risk factors may need to start earlier and be screened more frequently.
Screening Tests
Various tests are used to screen for colon cancer:
Fecal Occult Blood Test (FOBT)
FOBT checks for hidden blood in the stool, which can be an early sign of cancer. There are two types:
- Guaiac-based FOBT (gFOBT): Uses a chemical reaction to detect blood.
- Fecal Immunochemical Test (FIT): Uses antibodies to detect blood in the stool.
Stool DNA Test
This test looks for certain DNA markers in cells shed by colon cancer or polyps into the stool.
Flexible Sigmoidoscopy
A flexible sigmoidoscopy allows the doctor to view the lower part of the colon and rectum using a flexible, lighted tube. Polyps or cancer in the lower part of the colon can be detected and sometimes removed during this procedure.
Colonoscopy
Colonoscopy is a comprehensive test that examines the entire colon using a long, flexible, lighted tube with a camera. It is the most sensitive test for detecting polyps and cancer, allowing for biopsy and removal of polyps during the procedure.
CT Colonography (Virtual Colonoscopy)
CT colonography uses X-rays and computers to produce detailed images of the colon and rectum. It is less invasive than a traditional colonoscopy but requires bowel preparation and may still require a follow-up colonoscopy if abnormalities are found.
